Fascist movements
نویسنده
چکیده
Fascism belongs to the "family" of right-wing authoritarian and radical nationalist movements and regimes. Fascist movements regard the state as an organic whole and omnipotent principle transcending class interests, economic tensions, and ethnic conflicts. Fascism and authoritarianism rejected and repressed Marxist socialism, liberalism, ethnic minorities, and laissez-faire capitalism. One may distinguish between authoritarian, reactionary, corporatist, and fascist movements and regimes according to the degree of mass support used to mobilize society and the forms of violence and murder used to dominate society. Fascist movements gained significance mainly within right-wing authoritarian forms of government, especially when conservatives failed to establish broad social connections and gain acceptance by means of moderate nationalism and/or respect for their economic competence. Fascist movements also arose where .the parliamentary system developed late all;d, thanks to oligarchic traditions, was not fully established even after World War 1. Lack of acceptance for a multi-party system, free elections, and corresponding changes of government, as well as skepticism toward free and rational political debate, characterized this right-wing authoritarianism, which provided fertile ground for fascist movements. The destruction of the multi-ethnic empires after World War I, the weakening of traditional conservati$,m, the intensification of st~te interventions in technology and business, as well as the strengthening of aggressive nationalism against wartime adversaries, promoted a new nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s, especially in the Mediterranean and East -Central Europe. Fascism aimed to cleanse a purportedly unitary and indivisible nation of enemies, developing organicist and racist notions of society. 453
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